PostgreSQL DBA(102) - pgAdmin(Row Level Security)

PostgreSQL提供了Row Level Security（RLS）来控制哪些行可以访问或修改。

一、简介
其标准的语法是：

[pg12@localhost ~]$ psql -d testdbTiming is on.Expanded display is used automatically.psql (12.0)Type "help" for help.[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# \help create policyCommand:     CREATE POLICYDescription: define a new row level security policy for a tableSyntax:CREATE POLICY name ON table_name    [ AS { PERMISSIVE | RESTRICTIVE } ]    [ FOR { ALL | SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE } ]    [ TO { role_name | PUBLIC | CURRENT_USER | SESSION_USER } [, ...] ]    [ USING ( using_expression ) ]    [ WITH CHECK ( check_expression ) ]URL: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/sql-createpolicy.html[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=#

其中，USING表示满足using_expression表达式为T的行才能看到或操作，否则这些行将被隐藏（hidden）；
WITH CHECK表示在执行INSERT/UPDATE操作时，如新数据不能通过check_expression表达式的校验则被视为非法数据。

二、注意事项
1.RLS必须通过ALTER TABLE … ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY显式启用；
2.如启用RLS，那么至少存在一个policy
创建数据表，插入数据，启用RLS

[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# drop table if exists t_rls1;NOTICE:  table "t_rls1" does not exist, skippingDROP TABLETime: 37.363 ms[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# create table t_rls1(id int,c1 int);CREATE TABLETime: 137.931 ms[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# [local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# insert into t_rls1 values(1,1);INSERT 0 1Time: 1.820 ms[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# insert into t_rls1 values(2,2);INSERT 0 1Time: 0.582 ms[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# [local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# ALTER TABLE t_rls1 ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;ALTER TABLETime: 1.714 ms[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# select * from t_rls1; id | c1 ----+----  1 |  1  2 |  2(2 rows)

创建新的user，查询数据表，因为不存在policy，因此没有数据返回（但为什么pg12这个用户可以？后续有解释）

Time: 23.349 ms[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# create user testuser with passwod 'test';ERROR:  unrecognized role option "passwod"LINE 1: create user testuser with passwod 'test';                                  ^Time: 1.165 ms[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# create user testuser with password 'test';CREATE ROLETime: 15.721 ms[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# grant all on t_rls1 to testuser;GRANTTime: 8.125 ms[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=#

3.同一个命令，同一种类型，多个policys之间是OR的关系，即某行满足其中一个policy就可以返回（如select命令）；同一个命令不同的命令类型，则多个policys之间的关系是AND，必须所有policys都满足才能返回（如update中存在where子句时）。
4.只有表的owner可以创建policys
5.超级用户或者具有BYPASSRLS权限的用户会跳过RLS检查。这解释先前为什么policy没有，但pg12查询有数据返回但testuser用户没有。

[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# \du                                   List of roles Role name |                         Attributes                         | Member of -----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------- pg12      | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {} testuser  |

6.数据表的owner用户默认会跳过RLS检查

[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> create table t_rls2(id int,c1 int);CREATE TABLETime: 10.256 ms[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> [local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> insert into t_rls2 values(1,1);INSERT 0 1Time: 3.422 ms[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> insert into t_rls2 values(2,2);INSERT 0 1Time: 2.580 ms[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> [local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> ALTER TABLE t_rls2 ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;ALTER TABLETime: 2.124 ms[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> select * from t_rls2; id | c1 ----+----  1 |  1  2 |  2(2 rows)Time: 1.127 ms[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> \d t_rls2               Table "public.t_rls2" Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default --------+---------+-----------+----------+--------- id     | integer |           |          |  c1     | integer |           |          | Policies (row security enabled): (none)

testuser1&testuser2均为普通用户，但testuser1查询数据有返回，但testuser2没有

[pg12@localhost ~]$ psql -d testdb -U testuser2Timing is on.Expanded display is used automatically.psql (12.0)Type "help" for help.[local]:5432 testuser2@testdb=> select * from t_rls2; id | c1 ----+----(0 rows)Time: 3.808 ms[local]:5432 testuser2@testdb=>

可通过ALTER TABLE … FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY命令强制启用

[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> ALTER TABLE t_rls2 FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;ALTER TABLETime: 1.967 ms[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> select * from t_rls2; id | c1 ----+----(0 rows)Time: 2.369 ms

具体的应用案例可详见参考资料中的链接。

三、参考资料
PG Conf of US 2019 - Row Level Security
Using "Row Level Security" to make large companies more secure