MySQL分库分表的示例分析

这篇文章主要为大家展示了"MySQL分库分表的示例分析"，内容简而易懂，条理清晰，希望能够帮助大家解决疑惑，下面让小编带领大家一起研究并学习一下"MySQL分库分表的示例分析"这篇文章吧。

一、目标

本文将完成如下目标:

• 分表数量: 256 分库数量: 4

• 以用户ID(user_id) 为数据库分片Key

• 最后测试订单创建，更新，删除, 单订单号查询，根据user_id查询列表操作。

架构图:

表结构如下:

CREATE TABLE `order_XXX` (  `order_id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL,  `user_id` int(11) DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '订单id',  `status` int(11) DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '订单状态',  `booking_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,  `create_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,  `update_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,  PRIMARY KEY (`order_id`),  KEY `idx_user_id` (`user_id`),  KEY `idx_bdate` (`booking_date`),  KEY `idx_ctime` (`create_time`),  KEY `idx_utime` (`update_time`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

注: 000<= XXX <= 255, 本文重点在于分库分表实践, 只保留具有代表性字段，其它场景可以在此基础上做改进。

全局唯一ID设计

要求:1.全局唯一 2:粗略有序 3:可反解出库编号

• 1bit + 39bit时间差 + 8bit机器号 + 8bit用户编号(库号) + 8bit自增序列

单机最大QPS: 256000 使用寿命: 17年

二、环境准备

1、基本信息

2、数据库环境准备

进入mysql:

#主库 mysql -h 172.30.1.21 -uroot -pbytearch#从库 mysql -h 172.30.1.31 -uroot -pbytearch

进入容器

#主docker exec -it db_1_master /bin/bash#从docker exec -it db_1_slave /bin/bash

查看运行状态

#主docker exec db_1_master sh -c 'mysql -u root -pbytearch -e "SHOW MASTER STATUS \G"'#从docker exec db_1_slave sh -c 'mysql -u root -pbytearch -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS \G"'

3、建库 & 导入分表

（1）在mysql master实例分别建库

172.30.1.21( o rder_db_ 1) , 172.30.1.22( order_db_2) ,

172.30.1.23( ord er_db_3) , 172.30.1.24( order_db_4 )

（2）依次导入建表SQL 命令为

mysql -uroot -pbytearch -h272.30.1.21 order_db_1
三、配置&实践
1、pom文件
                              org.jfaster                mango-spring-boot-starter                2.0.1                                                              com.bytearch                fast-cloud-id-generator                ${version}                                                    mysql                mysql-connector-java                6.0.6            
2、常量配置
package com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.common;/** * 分库分表策略常用常量 */public class ShardingStrategyConstant {    /**     * database 逻辑名称 ，真实库名为 order_db_XXX     */    public static final String LOGIC_ORDER_DATABASE_NAME = "order_db";    /**     * 分表数 256，一旦确定不可更改     */    public static final int SHARDING_TABLE_NUM = 256;    /**     * 分库数, 不建议更改， 可以更改，但是需要DBA迁移数据     */    public static final int SHARDING_DATABASE_NODE_NUM = 4;}
3、yml 配置
4主4从数据库配置， 这里仅测试默认使用root用户密码，生产环境不建议使用root用户。
mango:  scan-package: com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.dao  datasources:    - name: order_db_1      master:        driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver        jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.21:3306/order_db_1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false        user-name: root        password: bytearch        maximum-pool-size: 10        connection-timeout: 3000      slaves:        - driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver          jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.31:3306/order_db_1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false          user-name: root          password: bytearch          maximum-pool-size: 10          connection-timeout: 3000    - name: order_db_2      master:        driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver        jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.22:3306/order_db_2?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false        user-name: root        password: bytearch        maximum-pool-size: 10        connection-timeout: 3000      slaves:        - driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver          jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.32:3306/order_db_2?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false          user-name: root          password: bytearch          maximum-pool-size: 10          connection-timeout: 3000    - name: order_db_3      master:        driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver        jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.23:3306/order_db_3?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false        user-name: root        password: bytearch        maximum-pool-size: 10        connection-timeout: 3000      slaves:        - driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver          jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.33:3306/order_db_3?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false          user-name: root          password: bytearch          maximum-pool-size: 10          connection-timeout: 3000    - name: order_db_4      master:        driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver        jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.24:3306/order_db_4?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false        user-name: root        password: bytearch        maximum-pool-size: 10        connection-timeout: 3000      slaves:        - driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver          jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.34:3306/order_db_4?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false          user-name: root          password: bytearch          maximum-pool-size: 10          connection-timeout: 300
4、分库分表策略
1). 根据order_id为shardKey分库分表策略
package com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.strategy;import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.common.ShardingStrategyConstant;import com.bytearch.id.generator.IdEntity;import com.bytearch.id.generator.SeqIdUtil;import org.jfaster.mango.sharding.ShardingStrategy;/** * 订单号分库分表策略 */public class OrderIdShardingStrategy implements ShardingStrategy {    @Override    public String getDataSourceFactoryName(Long orderId) {        if (orderId == null || orderId < 0L) {            throw new IllegalArgumentException("order_id is invalid!");        }        IdEntity idEntity = SeqIdUtil.decodeId(orderId);        if (idEntity.getExtraId() >= ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM) {            throw new IllegalArgumentException("sharding table Num is invalid, tableNum:" + idEntity.getExtraId());        }        //1. 计算步长        int step = ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM / ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_DATABASE_NODE_NUM;        //2. 计算出库编号        long dbNo = Math.floorDiv(idEntity.getExtraId(), step) + 1;        //3. 返回数据源名        return String.format("%s_%s", ShardingStrategyConstant.LOGIC_ORDER_DATABASE_NAME, dbNo);    }    @Override    public String getTargetTable(String logicTableName, Long orderId) {        if (orderId == null || orderId < 0L) {            throw new IllegalArgumentException("order_id is invalid!");        }        IdEntity idEntity = SeqIdUtil.decodeId(orderId);        if (idEntity.getExtraId() >= ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM) {            throw new IllegalArgumentException("sharding table Num is invalid, tableNum:" + idEntity.getExtraId());        }        // 基于约定，真实表名为 logicTableName_XXX， XXX不足三位补0        return String.format("%s_d", logicTableName, idEntity.getExtraId());    }}
2). 根据user_id 为shardKey分库分表策略
package com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.strategy;import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.common.ShardingStrategyConstant;import org.jfaster.mango.sharding.ShardingStrategy;/** * 指定分片KEY 分库分表策略 */public class UserIdShardingStrategy implements ShardingStrategy {    @Override    public String getDataSourceFactoryName(Integer userId) {        //1. 计算步长 即单库放得表数量        int step = ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM / ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_DATABASE_NODE_NUM;        //2. 计算出库编号        long dbNo = Math.floorDiv(userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM, step) + 1;        //3. 返回数据源名        return String.format("%s_%s", ShardingStrategyConstant.LOGIC_ORDER_DATABASE_NAME, dbNo);    }    @Override    public String getTargetTable(String logicTableName, Integer userId) {        // 基于约定，真实表名为 logicTableName_XXX， XXX不足三位补0        return String.format("%s_d", logicTableName, userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM);    }}
5、dao层编写
1). OrderPartitionByIdDao
package com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.dao;import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.common.ShardingStrategyConstant;import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.pojo.entity.OrderEntity;import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.strategy.OrderIdShardingStrategy;import org.jfaster.mango.annotation.*;@DB(name = ShardingStrategyConstant.LOGIC_ORDER_DATABASE_NAME, table = "order")@Sharding(shardingStrategy = OrderIdShardingStrategy.class)public interface OrderPartitionByIdDao {    @SQL("INSERT INTO #table (order_id, user_id, status, booking_date, create_time, update_time) VALUES" +            "(:orderId,:userId,:status,:bookingDate,:createTime,:updateTime)"    )    int insertOrder(@TableShardingBy("orderId") @DatabaseShardingBy("orderId") OrderEntity orderEntity);    @SQL("UPDATE #table set update_time = now()" +            "#if(:bookingDate != null),booking_date = :bookingDate #end " +            "#if (:status != null), status = :status #end" +            "WHERE order_id = :orderId"    )    int updateOrderByOrderId(@TableShardingBy("orderId") @DatabaseShardingBy("orderId") OrderEntity orderEntity);    @SQL("SELECT * FROM #table WHERE order_id = :1")    OrderEntity getOrderById(@TableShardingBy @DatabaseShardingBy Long orderId);    @SQL("SELECT * FROM #table WHERE order_id = :1")    @UseMaster    OrderEntity getOrderByIdFromMaster(@TableShardingBy @DatabaseShardingBy Long orderId);
6、单元测试
@SpringBootTest(classes = {Application.class})@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)public class ShardingTest {    @Autowired    OrderPartitionByIdDao orderPartitionByIdDao;    @Autowired    OrderPartitionByUserIdDao orderPartitionByUserIdDao;    @Test    public void testCreateOrderRandom() {        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {            int userId = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(1000,1000000);            OrderEntity orderEntity = new OrderEntity();            orderEntity.setOrderId(SeqIdUtil.nextId(userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM));            orderEntity.setStatus(1);            orderEntity.setUserId(userId);            orderEntity.setCreateTime(new Date());            orderEntity.setUpdateTime(new Date());            orderEntity.setBookingDate(new Date());            int ret = orderPartitionByIdDao.insertOrder(orderEntity);            Assert.assertEquals(1, ret);        }    }    @Test    public void testOrderAll() {        //insert        int userId = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(1000,1000000);        OrderEntity orderEntity = new OrderEntity();        orderEntity.setOrderId(SeqIdUtil.nextId(userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM));        orderEntity.setStatus(1);        orderEntity.setUserId(userId);        orderEntity.setCreateTime(new Date());        orderEntity.setUpdateTime(new Date());        orderEntity.setBookingDate(new Date());        int i = orderPartitionByIdDao.insertOrder(orderEntity);        Assert.assertEquals(1, i);        //get from master        OrderEntity orderInfo = orderPartitionByIdDao.getOrderByIdFromMaster(orderEntity.getOrderId());        Assert.assertNotNull(orderInfo);        Assert.assertEquals(orderInfo.getOrderId(), orderEntity.getOrderId());        //get from slave        OrderEntity slaveOrderInfo = orderPartitionByIdDao.getOrderById(orderEntity.getOrderId());        Assert.assertNotNull(slaveOrderInfo);        //update        OrderEntity updateEntity = new OrderEntity();        updateEntity.setOrderId(orderInfo.getOrderId());        updateEntity.setStatus(2);        updateEntity.setUpdateTime(new Date());        int affectRows = orderPartitionByIdDao.updateOrderByOrderId(updateEntity);        Assert.assertTrue( affectRows > 0);    }    @Test    public void testGetListByUserId() {        int userId = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(1000,1000000);        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {            OrderEntity orderEntity = new OrderEntity();            orderEntity.setOrderId(SeqIdUtil.nextId(userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM));            orderEntity.setStatus(1);            orderEntity.setUserId(userId);            orderEntity.setCreateTime(new Date());            orderEntity.setUpdateTime(new Date());            orderEntity.setBookingDate(new Date());            orderPartitionByIdDao.insertOrder(orderEntity);        }        try {            //防止主从延迟引起的校验错误            Thread.sleep(1000);        } catch (InterruptedException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }        List orderListByUserId = orderPartitionByUserIdDao.getOrderListByUserId(userId);        Assert.assertNotNull(orderListByUserId);        Assert.assertTrue(orderListByUserId.size() == 5);    }}
大功告成:
以上是"MySQL分库分表的示例分析"这篇文章的所有内容，感谢各位的阅读！相信大家都有了一定的了解，希望分享的内容对大家有所帮助，如果还想学习更多知识，欢迎关注行业资讯频道！