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LINUX网络管理之Centos6&&Centos7

发表于:2025-12-02 作者:千家信息网编辑
千家信息网最后更新 2025年12月02日,一、网络的意义时至今日,互联网已经成了人类发展中最重要的资源,在人类还没有足够充分的准备来迎接网络时代的来临时,它就已经成了我们生活中与一切行动紧密相关的内容。我们已无法离开网络,就象生活少不了吃饭一
千家信息网最后更新 2025年12月02日LINUX网络管理之Centos6&&Centos7

一、网络的意义

时至今日,互联网已经成了人类发展中最重要的资源,在人类还没有足够充分的准备来迎接网络时代的来临时,它就已经成了我们生活中与一切行动紧密相关的内容。我们已无法离开网络,就象生活少不了吃饭一样。虽然没有网络时代的人也存在了上万年,创造出了种种伟大的文明和辉煌成就,但是人的欲望和智慧总是相依相伴的,欲望一旦促使智慧得到开启后,会变得一发不可收拾,无法再回头。

随着网络的发展和壮大。各互联网公司对网络的安全,可靠要求也越来越大。网络管理已经成为我们必须熟悉掌握的一项基本技能。


二、Centos 6的网络管理(以太网)

centos 6网络接口的命名方式:eth[0,1,2],centos 6的网路接口命名根据mac地址来识别,第一个识别到的网卡命名为eth0,第二个识别的为eth2,以此类推。这种情况可能会导致当你在eth0配置好了网络配置文件后。当eth0这块网卡坏掉了。我们买了一块新的网卡还是插回原来的槽中,但是网卡名字已经更改为eth2。这会导致之前的网络配置文件无法使用。这个情况在centos 7上得到了改善,这个我们第三章再做说明。


ifconfig命令(立即生效,但是重启系统后即失效)

ifconfig [interface]

# ifconfig -a

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig -aeth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 08:00:27:78:CB:FC            inet addr:192.168.0.114  Bcast:192.168.0.255  Mask:255.255.255.0          inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe78:cbfc/64 Scope:Link          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1          RX packets:189 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0          TX packets:308 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000           RX bytes:20800 (20.3 KiB)  TX bytes:53808 (52.5 KiB)          Base address:0xd010 Memory:f0000000-f0020000 lo        Link encap:Local Loopback            inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1          RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0          TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:560 (560.0 b)  TX bytes:560 (560.0 b)#显示所有网卡信息

# ifconfig IFACE [up|down]

#禁用或启用指定的网卡eth0[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 down[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 up

ifconfig interface [aftype] options | address ...

# ifconfig IFACE IP/mask [up]

#为eth0配置IP地址,后面直接指定掩码位数[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1/24

# ifconfig IFACE IP netmask MASK

#为eth0配置IP地址,后面直接输入netmask+掩码[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0


route命令(路由管理命令)

查看:route -n

[root@localhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface192.168.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth00.0.0.0         192.168.0.1     0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0

添加:route add

route add [-net|-host] target [netmask Nm] [gw Gw] [[dev] If]

#指定去往192.168.0.88的目标主机网关为192.168.0.1,经由eth0网卡转发[root@localhost ~]# route add -host 192.168.0.88 gw 192.168.0.1 dev eth0 [root@localhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface192.168.0.88    192.168.0.1     255.255.255.255 UGH   0      0        0 eth0

其中Flags为路由标志,标记当前网络节点的状态:

U Up表示此路由当前为启动状态

H Host,表示此网关为一主机

G Gateway,表示此网关为一路由器

R Reinstate Route,使用动态路由重新初始化的路由

D Dynamically,此路由是动态性地写入

M Modified,此路由是由路由守护程序或导向器动态修改

! 表示此路由当前为关闭状态


#指定去往192.168.0.0的目标网络网关为192.168.0.1,经由eth0网卡转发[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.0.1 dev eth0[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 192.168.0.0/24 gw 192.168.0.1 dev eth0[root@localhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface192.168.0.0     192.168.0.1     255.255.255.0   UG    0      0        0 eth0


#指定网关为192.168.0.1的默认路由,默认路由只需要添加一条,添加多条以第一条为准[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 0.0.0.0/32 gw 192.168.0.1[root@localhost ~]# route add default gw 192.168.0.1[root@localhost ~]# route -nKernel IP routing tableDestination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface0.0.0.0         192.168.0.1     0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0


删除:route del

route del [-net|-host] target [gw Gw] [netmask Nm] [[dev] If]

#删除主机路由[root@localhost ~]# route del -host 192.168.0.88#删除网络路由[root@localhost ~]# route del -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0#删除默认路由[root@localhost ~]# route del default


DNS服务器指定:

编辑:/etc/resolv.conf

nameserver DNS_SERVER_IP1(nameserver 8.8.8.8)

nameserver DNS_SERVER_IP2

nameserver DNS_SERVER_IP3

FQDN:(Fully Qualified Domain Name)完全合格域名/全称域名,是指主机名加上全路径,全路径中列出了序列中所有域成员。全域名可以从逻辑上准确地表示出主机在什么地方,也可以说全域名是主机名的一种完全表示形式。从全域名中包含的信息可以看出主机在域名树中的位置。DNS解析流程:首先查找本机HOSTS表,有的直接使用表中定义,没有查找网络连接中设置的DNS 服务器由他来解析。

正解:FQDN-->IP(www.google.com-->216.58.221.36)

# dig -t A FQDN

[root@localhost ~]# dig -t A www.google.com; <<>> DiG 9.3.4-P1 <<>> -t A www.google.com;; global options:  printcmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 38677;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 4;; QUESTION SECTION(这里是我们疑问的问题):;www.google.com.                        IN      A;; ANSWER SECTION(这里是我们回答我们的问题):www.google.com.         370     IN      A       216.58.221.36;; AUTHORITY SECTION:google.com.             11188   IN      NS      ns2.google.com.google.com.             11188   IN      NS      ns1.google.com.google.com.             11188   IN      NS      ns4.google.com.google.com.             11188   IN      NS      ns3.google.com.;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:ns1.google.com.         30626   IN      A       216.239.32.10ns2.google.com.         12121   IN      A       216.239.34.10ns3.google.com.         21582   IN      A       216.239.36.10ns4.google.com.         10738   IN      A       216.239.38.10;; Query time: 12 msec;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)(这里是我们指定为我们做解析的的DNS服务器);; WHEN: Thu Sep  3 17:27:02 2015;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 184

# host -t A FQDN

[root@localhost ~]# host -t A www.google.comwww.google.com has address 216.58.221.36

反解:IP-->FQDN(216.58.221.36-->www.google.com)

# dig -x IP

[root@localhost ~]# dig -x 216.58.221.36; <<>> DiG 9.3.4-P1 <<>> -x 216.58.221.36;; global options:  printcmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 46451;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 4;; QUESTION SECTION:;36.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa.    IN      PTR;; ANSWER SECTION:36.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 281    IN      PTR     hkg08s13-in-f4.1e100.net.36.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 281    IN      PTR     hkg08s13-in-f36.1e100.net.;; AUTHORITY SECTION:221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 38624     IN      NS      ns1.google.com.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 38624     IN      NS      ns3.google.com.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 38624     IN      NS      ns2.google.com.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 38624     IN      NS      ns4.google.com.;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:ns1.google.com.         30015   IN      A       216.239.32.10ns2.google.com.         11510   IN      A       216.239.34.10ns3.google.com.         20971   IN      A       216.239.36.10ns4.google.com.         10127   IN      A       216.239.38.10;; Query time: 13 msec;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8);; WHEN: Thu Sep  3 17:37:14 2015;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 258

# host -t PTR IP

[root@localhost ~]# host -t PTR 216.58.221.3636.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer hkg08s13-in-f36.1e100.net.36.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer hkg08s13-in-f4.1e100.net


netstat命令:

netstat - Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships


显示网络连接:

netstat [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--raw|-w] [--listening|-l] [--all|-a] [--numeric|-n] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--program|-p]

-t: tcp协议相关

-u: udp协议相关

-w: raw socket相关

-l: 处于监听状态

-a: 所有状态

-n: 以数字显示IP和端口;

-e:扩展格式

-p: 显示相关进程及PID


常用组合:

-tan, -uan, -tnl, -unl

#显示tcp协议相关的所有连接状态信息,以数字显示IP和端口[root@localhost ~]# netstat -tanActive Internet connections (servers and established)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State      tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:833                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631               0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:6010              0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      tcp        0      0 :::22                       :::*                        LISTEN      tcp        0      0 ::1:6010                    :::*                        LISTEN      tcp        0      0 ::ffff:192.168.0.114:22     ::ffff:192.168.0.107:62362  ESTABLISHED


#显示tcp协议相关的所有连接状态信息的相关进程及PID,以数字显示IP和端口[root@localhost ~]# netstat -tanpActive Internet connections (servers and established)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State       PID/Program name   tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:833                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      1923/rpc.statd      tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      1894/portmap        tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631               0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      2182/cupsd          tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      2206/sendmail: acce tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:6010              0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      2508/0              tcp        0      0 :::22                       :::*                        LISTEN      2167/sshd           tcp        0      0 ::1:6010                    :::*                        LISTEN      2508/0              tcp        0      0 ::ffff:192.168.0.114:22     ::ffff:192.168.0.107:62362  ESTABLISHED 2508/0


显示路由表:

netstat {--route|-r} [--numeric|-n]

-r: 显示内核路由表

-n: 数字格式

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -rnKernel IP routing tableDestination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface192.168.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth00.0.0.0         192.168.0.1     0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0


显示接口统计数据:

netstat {--interfaces|-I|-i} [iface] [--all|-a] [--extend|-e] [--program|-p] [--numeric|-n]

-i:显示所有接口的统计数据

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -iKernel Interface tableIface       MTU Met    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flgeth0       1500   0     8234      0      0      0     6545      0      0      0 BMRUlo        16436   0       34      0      0      0       34      0      0      0 LRU

-I IFACE:显示IFACE接口的统计数据(-I接口,参数和接口之间不用空格,直接连着打)

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -Ieth0Kernel Interface tableIface       MTU Met    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flgeth0       1500   0     8265      0      0      0     6559      0      0      0 BMRU


ip命令:

ip - show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels

ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }

OBJECT := { link | addr | route }


link OBJECT:

ip link - network device configuration

set dev IFACE up:禁用指定接口

set dev IFACE down:禁用指定接口

[root@localhost ~]# ip link set dev eth0 down[root@localhost ~]# ip link set dev eth0 up


show

[dev IFACE]:指定接口

[root@localhost ~]# ip link show eth02: eth0:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000    link/ether 08:00:27:4d:f1:47 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff


ip addr - protocol address management

ip addr { add | del } IFADDR dev STRING

[label LABEL]:添加地址时指明网卡别名

[scope {global(全局可用)|link(仅链接可用)|host(本机可用)}]:指明作用域

[broadcast ADDRESS]:指明广播地址

#add为添加多一个新IP地址[root@localhost ~]# ip addr add 192.168.0.222/24 label eth0:0 scope global dev eth0[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eth02: eth0:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000    link/ether 08:00:27:78:cb:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff    inet 192.168.0.114/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global eth0    inet 192.168.0.222/24 scope global secondary eth0:0    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe78:cbfc/64 scope link        valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever


ip addr show - look at protocol addresses

[dev DEVICE]

[label PATTERN]

[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eth02: eth0:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000    link/ether 08:00:27:78:cb:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff    inet 192.168.0.114/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global eth0    inet 192.168.0.222/24 scope global secondary eth0:0    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe78:cbfc/64 scope link        valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever


ip addr flush - flush protocol addresses

[dev DEVICE]:清空指定设备的所有IP地址,慎用,一执行所有IP地址都清空


ip route - routing table management

添加路由:ip route add TARGET via GW dev IFACE src SOURCE_IP

TARGET:主机路由直接输入IP。网络路由:NETWORK/MASK,地址加掩码

[root@localhost ~]# ip route add 192.168.0.88 via 192.168.0.1[root@localhost ~]# ip route show192.168.0.88 via 192.168.0.1 dev eth0

添加网关:ip route add defalt via GW dev IFACE


ip route delete

删除路由:ip route del TARGET

[root@localhost ~]# ip route del 192.168.0.99

ip route show

[root@localhost ~]# ip route show192.168.0.88 via 192.168.0.1 dev eth0

ip route flush

dev IFACE:清空指定设备的所有路由条目



ss和netstat都是用来查看网络状态的。但是在连接数异常多的时候ss的性能会比netstat快几倍。所以在连接数很多的时候建议使用ss

ss查看网络状态工具命令:

格式:ss [OPTION]... [FILTER]

选项:

-t: tcp协议相关

-u: udp协议相关

-w: 裸套接字相关

-x:unix sock相关

-l: listen状态的连接

-a: 所有

-n: 数字格式

-p: 相关的程序及PID

-e: 扩展的信息

-m:内存用量

-o:计时器信息


FILTER := [ state TCP-STATE ] [ EXPRESSION ]

TCP的常见状态:

tcp finite state machine:

LISTEN: 监听

ESTABLISHED:已建立的连接

FIN_WAIT_1

FIN_WAIT_2

SYN_SENT

SYN_RECV

CLOSED


EXPRESSION:

dport =

sport =

示例:'( dport = :ssh or sport = :ssh )'


常用组合:

-tan, -tanl, -tanlp, -uan


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