如何理解Java同步容器
如何理解Java同步容器,针对这个问题,这篇文章详细介绍了相对应的分析和解答,希望可以帮助更多想解决这个问题的小伙伴找到更简单易行的方法。
> ArrayList,HashSet,HashMap都是线程非安全的,在多线程环境下,会导致线程安全问题,所以在使用的时候需要进行同步,这无疑增加了程序开发的难度。所以JAVA提供了同步容器。
同步容器
ArrayList ===> Vector,Stack
HashMap ===> HashTable(key,value都不能为空)
Collections.synchronizedXXX(List,Set,Map)
Vector实现List接口,底层和ArrayList类似,但是Vector中的方法都是使用synchronized修饰,即进行了同步的措施。 但是,Vector并不是线程安全的。
Stack也是一个同步容器,也是使用synchronized进行同步,继承与Vector,是数据结构中的,先进后出。
HashTable和HashMap很相似,但HashTable进行了同步处理。
Collections工具类提供了大量的方法,比如对集合的排序、查找等常用的操作。同时也通过了相关了方法创建同步容器类
Vector
package com.rumenz.task;import java.util.List;import java.util.Vector;import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;//线程安全public class VectorExample1 { public static Integer clientTotal=5000; public static Integer thradTotal=200; private static List list=new Vector<>(); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore=new Semaphore(thradTotal); final CountDownLatch countDownLatch=new CountDownLatch(clientTotal); for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal; i++) { final Integer j=i; executorService.execute(()->{ try { semaphore.acquire(); update(j); semaphore.release(); }catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }); } countDownLatch.await(); executorService.shutdown(); System.out.println("size:"+list.size()); } private static void update(Integer j) { list.add(j); }} 同步容器不一定就线程安全
package com.rumenz.task;import scala.collection.convert.impl.VectorStepperBase;import java.util.List;import java.util.Vector;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;//线程不安全public class VectorExample2 { public static Integer clientTotal=5000; public static Integer threadTotal=200; private static List list=new Vector(); public static void main(String[] args) { ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore=new Semaphore(threadTotal); for (int i = 0; i < threadTotal; i++) { list.add(i); } for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal; i++) { try{ semaphore.acquire(); executorService.execute(()->{ for (int j = 0; j < list.size(); j++) { list.remove(j); } }); executorService.execute(()->{ for (int j = 0; j < list.size(); j++) { list.get(j); } }); semaphore.release(); }catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } } executorService.shutdown(); }} 运行报错
Exception in thread "pool-1-thread-2" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Array index out of range: 36 at java.util.Vector.get(Vector.java:751) at com.rumenz.task.VectorExample2.lambda$main$1(VectorExample2.java:38) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
原因分析
> Vector是线程同步容器,size(),get(),remove()都是被synchronized修饰的,为什么会有线程安全问题呢?
>get()抛出的异常肯定是remove()引起的,Vector能同时保证同一时刻只有一个线程进入,但是:
//线程1 executorService.execute(()->{ for (int j = 0; j < list.size(); j++) { list.remove(j); }});//线程2executorService.execute(()->{ for (int j = 0; j < list.size(); j++) { list.get(j); }});线程1和线程2都执行完
list.size(),都等于200,并且j=100线程1执行
list.remove(100)操作,线程2执行
list.get(100)就会抛出数组越界的异常。
> 同步容器虽然是线程安全的,但是不代表在任何环境下都是线程安全的。
HashTable
>线程安全,key,value都不能为null。在修改数据时锁住整个HashTable,效率低下。初始size=11。
package com.rumenz.task;import java.util.Hashtable;import java.util.Map;import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;//线程安全public class HashTableExample1 { public static Integer clientTotal=5000; public static Integer threadTotal=200; private static Map map=new Hashtable<>(); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore=new Semaphore(threadTotal); final CountDownLatch countDownLatch=new CountDownLatch(clientTotal); for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal; i++) { final Integer j=i; try{ semaphore.acquire(); update(j); semaphore.release(); }catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); } countDownLatch.await(); executorService.shutdown(); System.out.println("size:"+map.size()); } private static void update(Integer j) { map.put(j, j); }}//size:5000 Collections.synchronizedList线程安全
package com.rumenz.task.Collections;import com.google.common.collect.Lists;import java.util.Collections;import java.util.List;import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;//线程安全public class synchronizedExample { public static Integer clientTotal=5000; public static Integer threadTotal=200; private static List list=Collections.synchronizedList(Lists.newArrayList()); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore=new Semaphore(threadTotal); final CountDownLatch countDownLatch=new CountDownLatch(clientTotal); for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal; i++) { final Integer j=i; try{ semaphore.acquire(); update(j); semaphore.release(); }catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); } countDownLatch.await(); executorService.shutdown(); System.out.println("size:"+list.size()); } private static void update(Integer j) { list.add(j); }}//size:5000 Collections.synchronizedSet线程安全
package com.rumenz.task.Collections;import com.google.common.collect.Lists;import org.assertj.core.util.Sets;import java.util.Collections;import java.util.List;import java.util.Set;import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;//线程安全public class synchronizedSetExample { public static Integer clientTotal=5000; public static Integer threadTotal=200; private static Set set=Collections.synchronizedSet(Sets.newHashSet()); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore=new Semaphore(threadTotal); final CountDownLatch countDownLatch=new CountDownLatch(clientTotal); for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal; i++) { final Integer j=i; try{ semaphore.acquire(); update(j); semaphore.release(); }catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); } countDownLatch.await(); executorService.shutdown(); System.out.println("size:"+set.size()); } private static void update(Integer j) { set.add(j); }}//size:5000 Collections.synchronizedMap线程安全
package com.rumenz.task.Collections;import org.assertj.core.util.Sets;import java.util.Collections;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;import java.util.Set;import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;public class synchronizedMapExample { public static Integer clientTotal=5000; public static Integer threadTotal=200; private static Map map=Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<>()); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore=new Semaphore(threadTotal); final CountDownLatch countDownLatch=new CountDownLatch(clientTotal); for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal; i++) { final Integer j=i; try{ semaphore.acquire(); update(j); semaphore.release(); }catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); } countDownLatch.await(); executorService.shutdown(); System.out.println("size:"+map.size()); } private static void update(Integer j) { map.put(j, j); }}//size:5000 > Collections.synchronizedXXX在迭代的时候,需要开发者自己加上线程锁控制代码,因为在整个迭代过程中循环外面不加同步代码,在一次次迭代之间,其他线程对于这个容器的add或者remove会影响整个迭代的预期效果,这个时候需要在循环外面加上synchronized(XXX)。
集合的删除
如果在使用foreach或iterator进集合的遍历,
尽量不要在操作的过程中进行remove等相关的更新操作。
如果非要进行操作,则可以在遍历的过程中记录需要操作元素的序号,
待遍历结束后方可进行操作,让这两个动作分开进行
package com.rumenz.task;import com.google.common.collect.Lists;import java.util.Collections;import java.util.Iterator;import java.util.List;public class CollectionsExample { private static List list=Collections.synchronizedList(Lists.newArrayList()); public static void main(String[] args) { list.add(1); list.add(2); list.add(3); list.add(4); //del1(); //del2(); del3(); } private static void del3() { for(Integer i:list){ if(i==4){ list.remove(i); } } } //Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException private static void del2() { Iterator iterator = list.iterator(); while (iterator.hasNext()){ Integer i = iterator.next(); if(i==4){ list.remove(i); } } } //Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException private static void del1() { for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { if(list.get(i)==4){ list.remove(i); } } }} > 在单线程会出现以上错误,在多线程情况下,并且集合时共享的,出现异常的概率会更大,需要特别的注意。解决方案是希望在foreach或iterator时,对要操作的元素进行标记,待循环结束之后,在执行相关操作。
> 同步容器采用synchronized进行同步,因此执行的性能会受到影响,并且同步容器也并不一定会做到线程安全。
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