aspnetcore如何使用Let’s Encrypt支持https

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Let's Encrypt 是一个自动签发 https 证书的免费项目
Certbot 是 Let's Encrypt 官方推荐的证书生成客户端工具

基本操作

0 准备工作

将要签发证书的域名(如 you.domain.com) 解析到一台可在外网正常访问的服务器

1 登录服务器

my-pc$ ssh user@you.domain.com

2 安装 certbot

这里以 Ubuntu 16.04 为例
各个系统的安装方式不一样，可以在官网首页查阅

my-server$ cat /etc/issueUbuntu 16.04.2 LTS \n \lmy-server$ sudo apt-get updatemy-server$ sudo apt-get install software-properties-commonmy-server$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:certbot/certbotmy-server$ sudo apt-get updatemy-server$ sudo apt-get install certbot my-server$ certbot --versioncertbot 0.19.0

3 检查端口占用

如果服务器上的 443 端口正在被占用，请先关闭对应的服务进程
否则可能个导致 certbot 运行出错

4 以命令交互方式开始制作证书

my-server$ certbot certonly    --------> 开启命令Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.logHow would you like to authenticate with the ACME CA?1: Spin up a temporary webserver (standalone)2: Place files in webroot directory (webroot)Select the appropriate number [1-2] then [enter] (press 'c' to cancel): 1  --------> 这里我们选择 1 standalone 模式Plugins selected: Authenticator standalone, Installer NoneEnter email address (used for urgent renewal and security notices) (Enter 'c' tocancel): you@gmail.com  --------> 输入你的邮箱创建账号(只有第一次使用时会出现)Please read the Terms of Service athttps://letsencrypt.org/documents/LE-SA-v1.1.1-August-1-2016.pdf. You must agreein order to register with the ACME server athttps://acme-v01.api.letsencrypt.org/directory(A)gree/(C)ancel: a  --------> 选择 A 同意 (只有第一次使用时会出现)Would you be willing to share your email address with the Electronic FrontierFoundation, a founding partner of the Let's Encrypt project and the non-profitorganization that develops Certbot? We'd like to send you email about EFF andour work to encrypt the web, protect its users and defend digital rights.(Y)es/(N)o: y  --------> 选择 Y 或 N (只有第一次使用时会出现)Please enter in your domain name(s) (comma and/or space separated)  (Enter 'c'to cancel): you.domain.com   --------> 这里输入要制作证书的域名Obtaining a new certificatePerforming the following challenges:tls-sni-01 challenge for you.domain.comWaiting for verification...Cleaning up challengesIMPORTANT NOTES: - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:   /etc/letsencrypt/live/you.domain.com/fullchain.pem   Your key file has been saved at:   /etc/letsencrypt/live/you.domain.com/privkey.pem   Your cert will expire on 2018-01-26. To obtain a new or tweaked   version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot   again. To non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run   "certbot renew" - If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:   Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt:   https://letsencrypt.org/donate   Donating to EFF:                    https://eff.org/donate-lemy-server$ ls /etc/letsencrypt/live/you.domain.com/  --------> 证书文件目录cert.pem  chain.pem  fullchain.pem  privkey.pem  README

看到 IMPORTANT NOTES 下方出现 Congratulations 就表明证书已经成功签发
可以进入 /etc/letsencrypt/live/you.domain.com/ 目录查看相关生成的文件

进阶操作

使用 80 端口

默认 standalone 是使用 443 端口，也就是说要停止服务器现在占用 443 端口的进程
我们也可以将其改为使用 80 端口，同样道理，这时需要停止 80 端口的占用

my-server$ certbot certonly --standalone -n --agree-tos --email you@gmail.com --preferred-challenges http -d you.domain.com

-n 非交互式
--email 指定账户
--agree-tos 同意服务协议

使用 nginx 模式

安装 nginx 和插件

my-server$ apt-get install nginxmy-server$ apt-get install python-certbot-nginxmy-server$ certbot --nginx -d you.domain.com

使用 manual 模式

manual 模式其实和 webroot 类似，主要的区别就是 certbot 自动向 webroot 添加文件的过程，变为你自己手动完成

my-server$ certbot certonly --manual -d you.domain.comSaving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.logObtaining a new certificatePerforming the following challenges:http-01 challenge for you.domain.comNOTE: The IP of this machine will be publicly logged as having requested thiscertificate. If you're running certbot in manual mode on a machine that is notyour server, please ensure you're okay with that.Are you OK with your IP being logged?(Y)es/(N)o: y    --------> 选 YCreate a file containing just this data:_Pamo3hOMx37O-KHIioWO1P0hbTLZusEZ2a2iCf7PDQ.8CyQk-SfDMR10nk7DuGBFA4IEpVhm1OySU-nSItD1BEAnd make it available on your web server at this URL:http://you.domain.com/.well-known/acme-challenge/_Pamo3hOMx37O-KHIioWO1P0hbTLZusEZ2a2iCf7PDQPress Enter to Continue  --------> 你需要保证 http://you.domain.com/.well-known/acme-challenge/_Pamo3hOMx37O-KHIioWO1P0hbTLZusEZ2a2iCf7PDQ 这个 url 返回的结果为 _Pamo3hOMx37O-KHIioWO1P0hbTLZusEZ2a2iCf7PDQ.8CyQk-SfDMR10nk7DuGBFA4IEpVhm1OySU-nSItD1BE (这个数据是随机的，每次都不一样) 当你做到后，按下回车键继续Waiting for verification...Cleaning up challengesIMPORTANT NOTES: - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:   /etc/letsencrypt/live/you.domain.com/fullchain.pem   Your key file has been saved at:   /etc/letsencrypt/live/you.domain.com/privkey.pem   Your cert will expire on 2018-01-27. To obtain a new or tweaked   version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot   again. To non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run   "certbot renew" - If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:   Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt:   https://letsencrypt.org/donate   Donating to EFF:                    https://eff.org/donate-le

查看和管理当前服务器上的所有证书

my-server$ certbot certificates

使用 https 证书

以 nginx 为例

server {    listen 80;    listen 443 ssl;    server_name you.domain.com;    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/you.domain.com/fullchain.pem;    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/you.domain.com/privkey.pem;     # ...}

letsencrypt 有什么限制

标准限制

• 同一个顶级域名下的二级域名，一周做多申请 20 个

• 一个域名一周最多申请 5 次

• 1 小时最多允许失败 5 次

• 请求频率需要小于 20 次/s

• 一个 ip 3 小时内最多创建 10 个账户

• 一个账户最多同时存在 300 个 pending 的审核

测试模式限制

在 certbot 命令后加上 --staging 参数，限制更松一些，但不是正式证书

• 同一个顶级域名下的二级域名，一周做多申请 30000 个

• 一个域名一周最多申请 30000 次

• 1 小时最多允许失败 60 次

• 一个 ip 3小时内最多创建 50 个账户

转换为aspnetcore可用的证书

openssl pkcs12 -export -out cert.pfx -passout pass:你的密码 -inkey privkey.pem -in cert.pem -certfile fullchain.pem

在aspnetcore使用，修改 Program.cs 文件加载证书

                .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder => { webBuilder.UseStartup()                    .UseKestrel(options => {                         options.AddServerHeader = false;#if !DEBUG                        options.ConfigureHttpsDefaults(co =>                        {                            var cert = new X509Certificate2(File.ReadAllBytes(@"./cert.pfx"), "你的密码");                            co.ServerCertificate = cert;                        });#endif                    });                })

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